Estimation of soil erosion and sediment yield using GIS
نویسندگان
چکیده
A Geographical Information System (GIS) based method is proposed and demonstrated for the identification of sediment source areas and the prediction of storm sediment yield from catchments. Data from the Nagwa and Karso catchments in Bihar (India) have been used. The Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS) GIS package has been used for carrying out geographic analyses. An Earth Resources Data Analysis System (ERDAS) Imagine image processor has been used for the digital analysis of satellite data for deriving the land cover and soil characteristics of the catchments. The catchments were discretized into hydrologically homogeneous grid cells to capture the catchment heterogeneity. The cells thus formed were then differentiated into cells of overland flow regions and cells of channel flow regions based on the magnitude of their flow accumulation areas. The gross soil erosion in each cell was calculated using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USEE) by carefully determining its various parameters. The concept of sediment delivery ratio (SDR) was used for determination of the total sediment yield of each catchment during isolated storm events. Estimation de l'érosion du sol et de l'exportation de sédiments utilisant un SIG Résumé Une méthode fondée sur l'utilisation d'un système d'information géographique (SIG) est proposée et expérimentée afin d'identifier l'origine des sédiments et de prévoir leur exportation à l'exutoire des bassins lors d'événements pluvieux. Des données des bassins de Nagwa et de Karso dans l'état du Bihar (Inde) ont été utilisées. Le SIG IL WIS (Integrated Land and Water Information System), système intégré d'informations sur la terre et les eaux a été utilisé pour mener les analyses géographiques. Le logiciel de traitement d'image ERDAS (Earth Resources Data Analysis System—Système d'analyse de données sur les ressources terrestres), a été utilisé pour l'analyse digitale de données satellitaires en vue de déterminer l'occupation et les caractéristiques des sols des bassins étudiés. Ces bassins ont été discrétisés selon un maillage dont les mailles sont hydrologiquement homogènes afin de représenter l'hétérogénéité des bassins. On a alors distingué les mailles des régions de ruissellement de surface et les mailles d'écoulement en chenaux selon l'importance de leur surface d'alimentation. L'érosion brute du sol dans chaque maille a été calculée en utilisant l'équation universelle des pertes en sol (Universal Soil Loss Equation—USLE) en déterminant soigneusement ses divers paramètres. Le concept de rapport de fourniture de sédiments (Sediment Delivery Ratio—SDR) a été utilisé pour la détermination de l'exportation totale des sédiments de chaque bassin durant des épisodes pluvieux particuliers.
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